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Mount Vernon, NY Planting Calendar & SMS Garden Reminders

2026 Mount Vernon, NY Planting Calendar

Download Mount Vernon Planting Calendar (PDF)

Local Climate Snapshot: The last frost date in Mount Vernon is around April 18th. The first frost date in Mount Vernon is around November 12th. Gardeners in Mount Vernon have a growing window of approximately 208 days. Our Mount Vernon Planting Schedule is calibrated using historical frost patterns and each crop’s tolerance for cold or need for warm soil. Cool-season crops can be planted before the last frost, while warm-season crops are timed for safer, warmer conditions — always adjust for your local weather.

Spring / Last Frost-based Planting

Acorn Squash

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-09

Transplant —

Notes

Sow after last frost in warm soil; give vines room to sprawl.

Arugula

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 9

Start Inside 02-14

Direct Sow 04-11

Transplant —

Notes

Start indoors early with bright light; transplant to cool-season beds. Arugula is a cool-season green; direct sow about 1 week before last frost in workable soil.

Asparagus

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant —

Notes

Plant asparagus crowns in a permanent trench as soon as soil can be worked.

Banana Peppers

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 9

Start Inside 02-14

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-09

Notes

Start banana peppers 8–10 weeks before last frost for best yields. Transplant after frost when soil and nights are warm. Peppers stall in cool soil.

Basil

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 7

Start Inside 02-28

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Start Basil Seeds indoors Transplant after frost risk has passed. Basil blackens in cold conditions.

Bay Laurel

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-16

Notes

Set out later once nights are reliably warm; bay laurel is cold-sensitive.

Bell Peppers

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 9

Start Inside 02-14

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-09

Notes

Peppers take a long time to germinate; start early in a warm spot. Transplant once nights are consistently above 55°F. Peppers stall in cool soil and recover slowly.

Blackberries

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 03-21

Notes

Plant dormant blackberry canes in early spring; provide trellis/support as needed.

Blueberries

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 03-21

Notes

Plant dormant blueberry bushes in early spring while soil is workable; mulch and water in.

Bok Choy

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 6

Start Inside 03-07

Direct Sow 04-04

Transplant —

Notes

Start bok choy indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost for spring planting. Direct sow bok choy at the beginning of spring once soil can be worked.

Borage

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-04

Transplant —

Notes

Borage tolerates cool weather; sow before last frost for early flowers and pollinator support.

Broccoli

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 7

Start Inside 02-28

Direct Sow —

Transplant 04-18

Notes

Start indoors to ensure plants are established before the heat hits. Broccoli can handle a light frost after being hardened off.

Bush Beans

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-09

Transplant —

Notes

Sow after last frost when nights are mild. Cold soil can rot seed.

Butterhead Lettuce

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 8

Start Inside 02-21

Direct Sow 03-21

Transplant 03-28

Notes

Start butterhead indoors ~8 weeks before last frost for early heads. Direct sow butterhead in cool soil; thin for airflow. Transplant butterhead ~3 weeks before last frost; keep growth steady to reduce bolting.

Butternut Squash

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-09

Transplant —

Notes

Sow after last frost in warm soil; butternut needs a long season.

Cabbage

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 7

Start Inside 02-28

Direct Sow —

Transplant 03-28

Notes

Start cabbage seeds indoors early to ensure they mature before summer heat. Cabbage is frost-hardy; move starts outside a few weeks before the final frost.

Calendula

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-04

Transplant —

Notes

Calendula tolerates cool weather; sow a couple weeks before last frost.

Cantaloupe

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 4

Start Inside 03-21

Direct Sow 05-02

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Start in peat pots to avoid root disturbance during transplant. Direct sow after last frost once soil is warm. Thin to the strongest plants and keep moisture steady early on. Transplant only after frost risk is completely gone. Melons stall in cool soil.

Carrots

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 03-28

Transplant —

Notes

Carrots can handle a light frost. Sow directly in the soil.

Cauliflower

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 6

Start Inside 03-07

Direct Sow —

Transplant 04-04

Notes

Start cauliflower 4–6 weeks before transplanting (indoor start). Transplant cauliflower about 2 weeks before last frost; protect from cold snaps.

Chives

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 04-04

Notes

Plant chives in early spring; cold-hardy perennial (or sow as soon as workable).

Cilantro

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-04

Transplant —

Notes

Cilantro loves cool weather; sow before the heat hits.

Collard Greens

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 03-21

Transplant —

Notes

Hardy greens that can handle a bit of frost.

Cosmos

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-25

Transplant —

Notes

Sow around last frost once weather settles

Cowpeas (Southern Peas)

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-16

Transplant —

Notes

Sow in late spring/early summer once soil is hot; cowpeas are heat-loving.

Cucumbers

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-02

Transplant —

Notes

Sow in warm soil. Trellis to save space and improve airflow.

Daikon Radish

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-04

Transplant —

Notes

Daikon can be spring-sown early, but performs best as a fall crop.

Dill

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-04

Transplant —

Notes

Sow early; dill thrives in cool spring weather.

Eggplant

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 8

Start Inside 02-21

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-09

Notes

Sow once soil has warmed; cold soil causes poor germination and uneven stands. Transplant after frost risk has passed. Confirm soil warmth with a 2–4 inch morning soil thermometer reading for best establishment.

Endive

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 7

Start Inside 02-28

Direct Sow 03-28

Transplant 04-04

Notes

Start endive indoors for reliable spring stands; keep seedlings cool and steady. Direct sow endive in cool soil; thin to reduce bitterness from stress. Transplant endive into cool beds; steady watering helps quality.

Escarole

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 7

Start Inside 02-28

Direct Sow 03-28

Transplant 04-04

Notes

Start escarole indoors; steady growth improves quality. Direct sow escarole in cool weather; thin for airflow. Transplant escarole into cool beds; keep evenly watered.

Fava Beans

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 03-07

Transplant —

Notes

Fava beans tolerate cold; sow very early spring for pods before heat.

Fennel

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-25

Transplant —

Notes

Direct sow fennel after frost risk; steady growth prevents bolting.

Grapes

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 03-21

Notes

Plant grapes early spring while dormant; choose a sunny, well-drained site.

Green Beans

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-09

Transplant —

Notes

Sow once soil is warm. Beans rot in cold, wet soil.

Ground Cherries

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 7

Start Inside 02-28

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Start ground cherries 6–8 weeks before last frost; they behave like tomatoes. Transplant ground cherries after last frost; cage or mulch for cleaner fruit.

Honeydew

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 4

Start Inside 03-21

Direct Sow 05-02

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Start honeydew in pots 3–4 weeks before transplanting to avoid root disturbance. Direct sow once soil is warm after last frost. Transplant once soil is warm after last frost.

Hot Peppers (General)

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 9

Start Inside 02-14

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-09

Notes

Hot peppers are slow; start 8–10 weeks before last frost with steady warmth. Transplant after frost once nights stay warm (55°F+). Peppers stall in cool soil.

Iceberg Lettuce

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 8

Start Inside 02-21

Direct Sow 03-21

Transplant 03-28

Notes

Start iceberg indoors ~8 weeks before last frost for head lettuce. Direct sow iceberg early; consistent moisture improves head formation. Transplant iceberg ~3 weeks before last frost; row cover helps in cold snaps.

Jalapeño Peppers

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 9

Start Inside 02-14

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-09

Notes

Start Jalapeños early; they need consistent warmth to germinate. Transplant after frost once nights stay above 55°F. Peppers stall in cool soil.

Jerusalem Artichoke (Sunchoke)

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 03-21

Transplant —

Notes

Plant sunchoke tubers in early spring while soil is workable; choose a permanent spot.

Kale

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 03-21

Transplant —

Notes

Kale is incredibly frost-tolerant; sow early.

Kohlrabi

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 8

Start Inside 02-21

Direct Sow —

Transplant 03-21

Notes

Start kohlrabi indoors 4–6 weeks before transplanting. Transplant kohlrabi ~4 weeks before last frost; cold-hardy when hardened off.

Lavender

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 10

Start Inside 02-07

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Lavender from seed is slow; start early with bright light and well-drained medium. Transplant lavender after frost risk; avoid soggy soils.

Leeks

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 10

Start Inside 02-07

Direct Sow —

Transplant 03-21

Notes

Start leeks indoors ~8–10 weeks before last frost for strong transplants. Transplant leeks ~4 weeks before last frost; cold-tolerant once hardened.

Lemongrass

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 8

Start Inside 02-21

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-16

Notes

Start lemongrass indoors; it needs a long warm season and strong light. Transplant after frost once soil is very warm; lemongrass is cold-sensitive.

Lettuce

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 8

Start Inside 02-21

Direct Sow 03-21

Transplant —

Notes

Start indoors for reliable early plants; keep seedlings cool and evenly moist. Lettuce seeds germinate best in cool soil.

Lima Beans

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-02

Transplant —

Notes

Sow once soil is thoroughly warm; limas need more heat than snap beans.

Marigolds

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 6

Start Inside 03-07

Direct Sow 04-25

Transplant 04-18

Notes

Start marigolds indoors for earlier blooms. Direct sow marigolds for easy blooms. Transplant marigolds around last frost once hardened off.

Marjoram

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Plant marjoram after frost; treat as tender perennial/annual in colder zones.

Mint

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 04-04

Notes

Plant mint early spring (best in containers); very vigorous spreader.

Mustard Greens

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 03-28

Transplant —

Notes

Mustard greens are cold-tolerant; sow early for spring greens.

Nasturtiums

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-18

Transplant —

Notes

Direct sow nasturtiums around last frost; avoid rich soil for best flowering.

Okra

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-16

Transplant —

Notes

Wait for hot weather; okra thrives in heat and struggles in cool spring soil.

Onions

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 8

Start Inside 02-21

Direct Sow —

Transplant —

Notes

Start indoors early; provide bright light to prevent leggy seedlings.

Oregano

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Plant oregano transplants after frost; pinch tips for bushier growth.

Parsley

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 10

Start Inside 02-07

Direct Sow 04-04

Transplant 04-04

Notes

Parsley germinates slowly; start 9–10 weeks before last frost for transplants. Direct sow parsley in cool spring soil; keep seedbed consistently moist. Transplant parsley 2–3 weeks before last frost; tolerates cool weather.

Parsnips

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-18

Transplant —

Notes

Parsnips are a slow cool-season crop

Peas

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 03-21

Transplant —

Notes

Peas should go in the ground very early; they don't mind light frost.

Pickling Cucumbers

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-02

Transplant —

Notes

Sow after last frost in warm soil. Trellis if possible for cleaner fruit.

Poblano Peppers

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 9

Start Inside 02-14

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-09

Notes

Start poblano peppers 8–10 weeks before last frost; provide strong light. Transplant after last frost in consistently warm conditions.

Pole Beans

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-16

Transplant —

Notes

Sow after last frost in warm soil and provide a trellis.

Potatoes

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 03-28

Transplant —

Notes

Plant seed potato chunks with at least two "eyes" facing up.

Pumpkins

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-16

Transplant —

Notes

Sow once soil is warm; pumpkins need a long season and steady heat to mature.

Raspberries

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 03-21

Notes

Plant dormant raspberry canes in early spring while soil is workable; mulch and water in.

Romaine Lettuce

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 8

Start Inside 02-21

Direct Sow 03-21

Transplant 03-28

Notes

Start romaine indoors ~8 weeks before last frost for strong transplants. Direct sow romaine in cool soil; keep seedbed evenly moist. Transplant romaine ~3 weeks before last frost; protect with row cover if needed.

Romanesco

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 6

Start Inside 03-07

Direct Sow —

Transplant 04-04

Notes

Start romanesco indoors like cauliflower for reliable spring stands. Transplant romanesco into cool beds; steady growth improves head formation.

Rosemary

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Set out rosemary transplants after frost risk; prefers warm soil and full sun.

Rutabaga

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-04

Transplant —

Notes

Rutabaga prefers cool conditions; sow early spring (often mid-summer for fall roots).

Sage

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Plant sage after frost; prefers well-drained soil and sun.

Scallions

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 03-21

Transplant —

Notes

Sow scallions early; they tolerate cool weather and mature quickly.

Shallots

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-04

Transplant —

Notes

Plant shallot sets in early spring while soil is workable; keep weed-free.

Soybeans (Edamame)

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-02

Transplant —

Notes

Sow after last frost in warm soil and full sun for strong early growth.

Spinach

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 7

Start Inside 02-28

Direct Sow 03-28

Transplant —

Notes

Start indoors for early plants; keep seedlings cool to prevent stress. Spinach loves the cold. Plant as soon as the soil can be worked.

Strawberries

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 04-04

Notes

Plant strawberry starts now; protect blossoms if a late frost is predicted.

Sunflowers

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-02

Transplant —

Notes

Sow once soil has warmed for fast emergence and strong early growth.

Sweet Corn

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-09

Transplant —

Notes

Sweet corn requires soil temps above 60°F. Soil gate: sow only after soil reaches 60°F+ to prevent seed rot and uneven stands.

Sweet Potatoes

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-16

Notes

Plant slips once soil is very warm. Cold soil causes rot and poor rooting.

Swiss Chard

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-04

Transplant —

Notes

More heat-tolerant than spinach; can be sown nearly anytime.

Tarragon

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Plant tarragon after frost; avoid wet soils to prevent root issues.

Tatsoi

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 6

Start Inside 03-07

Direct Sow 04-04

Transplant —

Notes

Start tatsoi indoors ~4–6 weeks before last frost; grows best in cool conditions. Direct sow tatsoi early spring once soil can be worked.

Thyme

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Set out thyme transplants after frost risk; drought-tolerant once established.

Tomatillos

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 7

Start Inside 02-28

Direct Sow —

Transplant 05-02

Notes

Start tomatillos 6–8 weeks before last frost; pot up to avoid stunting. Transplant tomatillos after last frost; plant at least two for pollination.

Tomatoes

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) 8

Start Inside 02-21

Direct Sow —

Transplant 04-25

Notes

Start seeds in trays with heat mats for the best head start. Transplant once frost risk is low. Earlier planting can boost yields before peak summer heat; cold soil slows rooting even after frost danger.

Turnip Greens

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 03-28

Transplant —

Notes

Turnip greens grow best in cool weather; sow early spring.

Turnips

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 03-28

Transplant —

Notes

Sow turnips 2–4 weeks before last frost for spring roots.

Watermelon

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-16

Transplant —

Notes

Wait for real heat; watermelons are very cold-sensitive and stall in cool soil.

Wax Beans

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-09

Transplant —

Notes

Grow like snap beans: sow after last frost in warm soil.

Winter Squash (General)

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-09

Transplant —

Notes

Sow after last frost once soil warms; winter squash needs heat and time.

Yellow Squash

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-02

Transplant —

Notes

Sow once soil is warm and nights are mild.

Zinnias

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 04-25

Transplant —

Notes

Direct sow zinnias after last frost; they prefer warm soil and sun.

Zucchini

Weeks Before Last Frost (Spring) First Frost (Fall) —

Start Inside —

Direct Sow 05-02

Transplant —

Notes

Sow in warm soil; zucchini grows fast and takes off quickly once established.

Crop	# Weeks to Start Before Last Frost	Start Inside (mm-dd)	Direct Sow (mm-dd)	Transplant (mm-dd)	Notes
Acorn Squash			05-09		Sow after last frost in warm soil; give vines room to sprawl.
Arugula	9	02-14	04-11		Start indoors early with bright light; transplant to cool-season beds. Arugula is a cool-season green; direct sow about 1 week before last frost in workable soil.
Asparagus					Plant asparagus crowns in a permanent trench as soon as soil can be worked.
Banana Peppers	9	02-14		05-09	Start banana peppers 8–10 weeks before last frost for best yields. Transplant after frost when soil and nights are warm. Peppers stall in cool soil.
Basil	7	02-28		05-02	Start Basil Seeds indoors Transplant after frost risk has passed. Basil blackens in cold conditions.
Bay Laurel				05-16	Set out later once nights are reliably warm; bay laurel is cold-sensitive.
Bell Peppers	9	02-14		05-09	Peppers take a long time to germinate; start early in a warm spot. Transplant once nights are consistently above 55°F. Peppers stall in cool soil and recover slowly.
Blackberries				03-21	Plant dormant blackberry canes in early spring; provide trellis/support as needed.
Blueberries				03-21	Plant dormant blueberry bushes in early spring while soil is workable; mulch and water in.
Bok Choy	6	03-07	04-04		Start bok choy indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost for spring planting. Direct sow bok choy at the beginning of spring once soil can be worked.
Borage			04-04		Borage tolerates cool weather; sow before last frost for early flowers and pollinator support.
Broccoli	7	02-28		04-18	Start indoors to ensure plants are established before the heat hits. Broccoli can handle a light frost after being hardened off.
Bush Beans			05-09		Sow after last frost when nights are mild. Cold soil can rot seed.
Butterhead Lettuce	8	02-21	03-21	03-28	Start butterhead indoors ~8 weeks before last frost for early heads. Direct sow butterhead in cool soil; thin for airflow. Transplant butterhead ~3 weeks before last frost; keep growth steady to reduce bolting.
Butternut Squash			05-09		Sow after last frost in warm soil; butternut needs a long season.
Cabbage	7	02-28		03-28	Start cabbage seeds indoors early to ensure they mature before summer heat. Cabbage is frost-hardy; move starts outside a few weeks before the final frost.
Calendula			04-04		Calendula tolerates cool weather; sow a couple weeks before last frost.
Cantaloupe	4	03-21	05-02	05-02	Start in peat pots to avoid root disturbance during transplant. Direct sow after last frost once soil is warm. Thin to the strongest plants and keep moisture steady early on. Transplant only after frost risk is completely gone. Melons stall in cool soil.
Carrots			03-28		Carrots can handle a light frost. Sow directly in the soil.
Cauliflower	6	03-07		04-04	Start cauliflower 4–6 weeks before transplanting (indoor start). Transplant cauliflower about 2 weeks before last frost; protect from cold snaps.
Chives				04-04	Plant chives in early spring; cold-hardy perennial (or sow as soon as workable).
Cilantro			04-04		Cilantro loves cool weather; sow before the heat hits.
Collard Greens			03-21		Hardy greens that can handle a bit of frost.
Cosmos			04-25		Sow around last frost once weather settles
Cowpeas (Southern Peas)			05-16		Sow in late spring/early summer once soil is hot; cowpeas are heat-loving.
Cucumbers			05-02		Sow in warm soil. Trellis to save space and improve airflow.
Daikon Radish			04-04		Daikon can be spring-sown early, but performs best as a fall crop.
Dill			04-04		Sow early; dill thrives in cool spring weather.
Eggplant	8	02-21		05-09	Sow once soil has warmed; cold soil causes poor germination and uneven stands. Transplant after frost risk has passed. Confirm soil warmth with a 2–4 inch morning soil thermometer reading for best establishment.
Endive	7	02-28	03-28	04-04	Start endive indoors for reliable spring stands; keep seedlings cool and steady. Direct sow endive in cool soil; thin to reduce bitterness from stress. Transplant endive into cool beds; steady watering helps quality.
Escarole	7	02-28	03-28	04-04	Start escarole indoors; steady growth improves quality. Direct sow escarole in cool weather; thin for airflow. Transplant escarole into cool beds; keep evenly watered.
Fava Beans			03-07		Fava beans tolerate cold; sow very early spring for pods before heat.
Fennel			04-25		Direct sow fennel after frost risk; steady growth prevents bolting.
Grapes				03-21	Plant grapes early spring while dormant; choose a sunny, well-drained site.
Green Beans			05-09		Sow once soil is warm. Beans rot in cold, wet soil.
Ground Cherries	7	02-28		05-02	Start ground cherries 6–8 weeks before last frost; they behave like tomatoes. Transplant ground cherries after last frost; cage or mulch for cleaner fruit.
Honeydew	4	03-21	05-02	05-02	Start honeydew in pots 3–4 weeks before transplanting to avoid root disturbance. Direct sow once soil is warm after last frost. Transplant once soil is warm after last frost.
Hot Peppers (General)	9	02-14		05-09	Hot peppers are slow; start 8–10 weeks before last frost with steady warmth. Transplant after frost once nights stay warm (55°F+). Peppers stall in cool soil.
Iceberg Lettuce	8	02-21	03-21	03-28	Start iceberg indoors ~8 weeks before last frost for head lettuce. Direct sow iceberg early; consistent moisture improves head formation. Transplant iceberg ~3 weeks before last frost; row cover helps in cold snaps.
Jalapeño Peppers	9	02-14		05-09	Start Jalapeños early; they need consistent warmth to germinate. Transplant after frost once nights stay above 55°F. Peppers stall in cool soil.
Jerusalem Artichoke (Sunchoke)			03-21		Plant sunchoke tubers in early spring while soil is workable; choose a permanent spot.
Kale			03-21		Kale is incredibly frost-tolerant; sow early.
Kohlrabi	8	02-21		03-21	Start kohlrabi indoors 4–6 weeks before transplanting. Transplant kohlrabi ~4 weeks before last frost; cold-hardy when hardened off.
Lavender	10	02-07		05-02	Lavender from seed is slow; start early with bright light and well-drained medium. Transplant lavender after frost risk; avoid soggy soils.
Leeks	10	02-07		03-21	Start leeks indoors ~8–10 weeks before last frost for strong transplants. Transplant leeks ~4 weeks before last frost; cold-tolerant once hardened.
Lemongrass	8	02-21		05-16	Start lemongrass indoors; it needs a long warm season and strong light. Transplant after frost once soil is very warm; lemongrass is cold-sensitive.
Lettuce	8	02-21	03-21		Start indoors for reliable early plants; keep seedlings cool and evenly moist. Lettuce seeds germinate best in cool soil.
Lima Beans			05-02		Sow once soil is thoroughly warm; limas need more heat than snap beans.
Marigolds	6	03-07	04-25	04-18	Start marigolds indoors for earlier blooms. Direct sow marigolds for easy blooms. Transplant marigolds around last frost once hardened off.
Marjoram				05-02	Plant marjoram after frost; treat as tender perennial/annual in colder zones.
Mint				04-04	Plant mint early spring (best in containers); very vigorous spreader.
Mustard Greens			03-28		Mustard greens are cold-tolerant; sow early for spring greens.
Nasturtiums			04-18		Direct sow nasturtiums around last frost; avoid rich soil for best flowering.
Okra			05-16		Wait for hot weather; okra thrives in heat and struggles in cool spring soil.
Onions	8	02-21			Start indoors early; provide bright light to prevent leggy seedlings.
Oregano				05-02	Plant oregano transplants after frost; pinch tips for bushier growth.
Parsley	10	02-07	04-04	04-04	Parsley germinates slowly; start 9–10 weeks before last frost for transplants. Direct sow parsley in cool spring soil; keep seedbed consistently moist. Transplant parsley 2–3 weeks before last frost; tolerates cool weather.
Parsnips			04-18		Parsnips are a slow cool-season crop
Peas			03-21		Peas should go in the ground very early; they don't mind light frost.
Pickling Cucumbers			05-02		Sow after last frost in warm soil. Trellis if possible for cleaner fruit.
Poblano Peppers	9	02-14		05-09	Start poblano peppers 8–10 weeks before last frost; provide strong light. Transplant after last frost in consistently warm conditions.
Pole Beans			05-16		Sow after last frost in warm soil and provide a trellis.
Potatoes			03-28		Plant seed potato chunks with at least two "eyes" facing up.
Pumpkins			05-16		Sow once soil is warm; pumpkins need a long season and steady heat to mature.
Raspberries				03-21	Plant dormant raspberry canes in early spring while soil is workable; mulch and water in.
Romaine Lettuce	8	02-21	03-21	03-28	Start romaine indoors ~8 weeks before last frost for strong transplants. Direct sow romaine in cool soil; keep seedbed evenly moist. Transplant romaine ~3 weeks before last frost; protect with row cover if needed.
Romanesco	6	03-07		04-04	Start romanesco indoors like cauliflower for reliable spring stands. Transplant romanesco into cool beds; steady growth improves head formation.
Rosemary				05-02	Set out rosemary transplants after frost risk; prefers warm soil and full sun.
Rutabaga			04-04		Rutabaga prefers cool conditions; sow early spring (often mid-summer for fall roots).
Sage				05-02	Plant sage after frost; prefers well-drained soil and sun.
Scallions			03-21		Sow scallions early; they tolerate cool weather and mature quickly.
Shallots			04-04		Plant shallot sets in early spring while soil is workable; keep weed-free.
Soybeans (Edamame)			05-02		Sow after last frost in warm soil and full sun for strong early growth.
Spinach	7	02-28	03-28		Start indoors for early plants; keep seedlings cool to prevent stress. Spinach loves the cold. Plant as soon as the soil can be worked.
Strawberries				04-04	Plant strawberry starts now; protect blossoms if a late frost is predicted.
Sunflowers			05-02		Sow once soil has warmed for fast emergence and strong early growth.
Sweet Corn			05-09		Sweet corn requires soil temps above 60°F. Soil gate: sow only after soil reaches 60°F+ to prevent seed rot and uneven stands.
Sweet Potatoes				05-16	Plant slips once soil is very warm. Cold soil causes rot and poor rooting.
Swiss Chard			04-04